Application Of Thermal Insulation In Buildings In Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6789 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.2 Problem Statement Energy saving in buildings has become a question of crucial importance in many countries. At the same time, the requirements for satisfactory indoor climate with low electricity consumption have increased which prompt the supply and demand for energy efficient homes. The battle against global warming shall start from home insulation to reduce green house gas emission. In developed countries, government has even allowed tax credit to house owners for costs incurred in carrying out home insulation works which meets the urgent need in the fight against global warming. In Malaysia, the common answer from the public in general to make a house or office cool is probably by switching on the air conditioning. The roof of most houses is constructed using timber roof trusses and concrete roof tiles in Malaysia. The heat gained through the roof which convents through the ceiling has increased the indoor heat to a level that most house owners will not feel comfortable without the use of air cond itioners. The impact that roofs have on energy is often overlooked, the impact of which can be significant. In homes, air conditioners make up 23% of energy consumption. Alternatively we can achieve the dream cool and comfort living or working environment despite in a very hot sunny day with the help of install the thermal insulation then will reduce the dependence on air conditioners to cool the home or office. This means insulating a home could potentially save thousands of ringgit in electricity bills. Install the thermal insulation in the wall or roof will increasing the cost of the building but the price tag on insulation is considered small when compared with the benefits including monthly savings in electricity bills throughout the lifespan of the house, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved comfort and living standards and a huge contribution to the local economic growth, as the insulation material is manufactured locally. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Application Of Thermal Insulation In Buildings In Malaysia" essay for you Create order 1.3 Aim The researchers aim for conducting this research is to review the uses and identify the importance of thermal insulation. Besides that, to find out whether application of thermal insulation to the buildings is suitable to be adopted into construction industry in Malaysia. 1.4 Objectives To review the concepts and uses of thermal insulation. To assess the importance or advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia. To investigate the applicability of thermal insulation amongst the buildings in Malaysia. 1.5 Hypothesis Application of thermal insulation into the buildings would increase the energy saving in buildings and decrease in emission to environmental. 1.6 Background Governments all over the world are beginning to realize the importance of reducing dependence on energy imports as fuel reserves becomes scarcer and supplies are concentrated on a few politically unstable countries. The building sector is probably the most effective and easiest way to start reducing energy consumption. Reduction in energy demand can be most effective due to applying thermal insulation to the buildings. Thermal insulation is the method of preventing heat from escaping a container or from entering the container. In other words, thermal insulation can keep an enclosed area such as a building warm, or it can keep the inside of a container cold. Depending on the climate, we spend more or less energy on heating or cooling, but we will spend more energy on cooling the room by switch on the air conditioning in Malaysia. There have a main reason for using thermal insulation for reduction of heat coming in, without too much loss of light due to the hot climate in Malaysia. So, the demand of energy can be significantly reduced by install a thermal insulation into the wall or roof of those buildings. Thermal insulation has been introduced to reduce the demand of energy result in electric consumption costs up to 40% and the countrys energy resources. This allows savings on the cost of the air-conditioning, because a smaller unit is needed, and on the running cost of the air conditioning. It also indeed creates a more comfortable living and working atmosphere. Besides that, most of the people will switch on the air conditioning to keep the comfort in the room or working place in Malaysia. But, the air conditioners will release a haloalkanes which are a group of chemical compounds, consisting of chlorine, fluorine and carbon, called Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). The CFC will among the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that contribute to future global warming. So, apply thermal insulation to the buildings will reduce using the air conditioning naturally will reduce the emission to the environmental also. 1.7 Scope of Study The research project has provided the idea and functions of thermal insulation to the buildings make a preliminary of understanding to it. Besides that, the advantages or importances that apply the thermal insulation to the buildings in Malaysia also fall within the scopes of this research project. In this study, I have studied into few buildings in Malaysia which have installed the thermal insulation such as Pusat Tenaga Malaysia Zero Energy Office (ZEO) building at Bandar Baru Bangi and Low Energy Office (LEO) Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications Malaysia at Putrajaya. Based on these buildings, I will study the benefits that obtain from the buildings which have applied thermal insulation to the wall and roof in this research project. In addition, I will inquire into the applicability of thermal insulation in the buildings in Malaysia. 1.8 Research Methodology For the primary source, questionnaires were prepared as a ground for the main survey which relates to the reason of construction firms attempt to apply thermal insulation to the buildings in Malaysia. The questionnaires were then distributed to the construction firms which are be responsible for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pusat Tenaga Malaysia Zero Energy Office (ZEO) building project and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Low Energy Office (LEO) Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications Malaysia through e-mail. For this purpose of survey, mailing list was obtained for website which has listing the name, address and the title of principal officer for each firm listed. That company was chosen and sent a set of questionnaire while those company which have not related into the projects will be randomly chosen for obtain the opinion on the applicability of apply thermal insulation in the buildings in Malaysia. For secondary sources, a comprehensive review of the relevant literature including a computer assisted search, textbook, journals, articles and so on, will be taken to develop an understanding of concept and uses of thermal insulation. Besides that, the importance or advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia also will be assessed by computer assisted search. 1.9 Proposed structure of the dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Review concept and uses of thermal insulation. 2.2 Review importance to apply thermal insulation into a building. 2.3 Investigation of applicability of thermal insulation into the buildings in Malaysia. Chapter 3: Research design and methodology. Chapter 4: Analysis of the result and discussion. Chapter 5: Conclusion. References. 1.10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" References Chin Teck, Soh. September 30, 2009. Lack Of Insulation In Malaysian Buildings Key Cause Of High Energy Bills. Viewed on: December 23, 2009. Available on: www.HYPERLINK https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-208867648.htmlhighHYPERLINK https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-208867648.htmlbeam.com/doc/1G1-208867648.html Chin Teck, Soh. September 30, 2009. Save Energy Fight Global Warming. Viewed on: December 23, 2009. Available on: www.mimg.org.my/images/pdf/MIMG_Booklet_revised.pdf Allergy.J, February 19, 1999. ChlorofluorocarbonHYPERLINK https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091674999700448 HYPERLINK https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091674999700448To Hhydrofluoroalkane formulations. Viewed on: December 24, 2009. Available on: linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091674999700448 Chin Teck, Soh. September 30, 2009. Why Insulate?. Viewed on: December 25, 2009. Available on: www.mimg.org.my/images/pdf/MIMG_Why_Insulate.pdf 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Review the concepts and uses of thermal insulation 2.1.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Concept of thermal insulation Thermal insulation has been defined as a material or combination of materials which slow down the flow of heat, reduce some sound transmission or slow down the spread of fire when buildings are in fire.(Anish, 2003) The thermal insulation materials can be suited to any size, shape or surface and the variety of finishes to be used in order to protect the thermal insulation from mechanical and environmental damage as well as to enhance appearance of buildings.(Anish, 2003) Thermal insulation can be mentioned either to materials used to lower the rate of heat transfer, or the means and processes used to lower heat transfer. Thermal insulation will transfer heat energy and the hHYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heateat energy would be transferred by three methods, which are convection, conduction and radiation. 2.1.1.1 Convection When the heat is flow whether by forced or natural, within a fluid and the fluid is a substance that may be either a gas or a liquid, this process is called convection.(Zhang, et al. 2005) Convection will then gravitationally-induced heat transport, driven by the expansion of a fluid on heating then hot expanded fluid has lower density, so will rise to the top of colder, and therefore denser, fluid.(Fowler, 2008) For example, when air to be heated, then it will expands and rise. However, if the air movement is established mechanically by a floor register, fan, or wind, then it will be called as a forced convection. 2.1.1.2 Conduction Conduction is direct heat flow or conducted from a material especially a solid.(Zhang, et al. 2005) When different parts of an isolated solid are at different temperatures, the heat will flow from the hot places to the cold places until eventually all is at the same temperature.(Fowler, 2008) Conduction and convection have same uses which are functions of the roughness of surfaces, air movement and the temperature difference between the air and surface. The increasing of heat energy can flow through materials and from one material to another.(Kurtus, 2006) 2.1.1.3 Radiation Radiation is the transmission of energy through space by means of electromagnetic waves.(Zhang, et al. 2005) This is clearly in the way the sun warms the surface of the earth, which involves the heat transfer through electromagnetic waves and absorption of the heat energy by a surface. Heat from the sun is reaches human skin as radiation, much of it can clearly be seen or evident light, the rest similar electromagnetic waves but at wavelengths human eyes are not sensitive to it. All bodies not at sheer zero temperature radiate, at room temperature the radiation is in the infrared, wavelengths longer than those of the visible spectrum. (Fowler, 2008) Source: isover Then, the types of thermal insulation are indicates the composition and internal structure of a building and the types of thermal insulation are normally been subdivided into three groups, which are fibrous insulation, cellular insulation and granular insulation.(Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) 2.1.1.4 Fibrous Insulation Fibrous insulation is composing of air finely divided into interstices by small diameter fibers. The fibers may be parallel or perpendicular to the surface being insulated and they may separate or bonded together. That is usually chemically or mechanically bonded and formed into boards, blanket or hollow cylinders. (Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) 2.1.1.5 Cellular Insulation Cellular insulation is composed of air or some other gas contained within foam of stable small bubbles and formed into boards, blankets, or hollow cylinders. The cellular material may be glass or foamed plastic such as polystyrene, polyurethane and elastomeric. (Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) 2.1.1.6 Granular Insulation Granular insulation is composed of air or some other gas in the interstices between small granules and formed into blocks, boards, or hollow cylinders. This type may be produce as loose pourable material or combined with a binder and fibers to make a rigid insulation. (Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, et al. 1999) Furthermore, thermal insulation is available in a variety of forms and it is usually rated in terms of thermal resistance which is R-value, which indicates the resistance of material to heat flow. The higher its resistance is, the greater the insulating effectiveness is. Of course, the thermal insulation property depends on the type of material, its thickness, and its density. The combined form and type of insulation will determine the proper method of insulation. There are many forms of thermal insulation are designed to deliver a sustained level of thermal resistance, such as Traditional Batt Insulation or Alternatives, Blown-In Cellulose Insulation, Rigid Board Insulation, Spray Foam Insulation and SIPs/ICFs. 2.1.1.7 Traditional Batt Insulation or Alternatives Batt or Blanket Insulation is the most common and least effective insulation used in the states nowadays. It has an approximate rating of R-3 per inch. Technically the R rating is even lower because typical batts are so loose that they allow air to penetrate them and cool them down. It is possible to use batts effectively in energy efficient buildings but the installation is labor intensive. One slightly greener alternative to batts would be to use batts or rolls made of natural fibers such as Bonded Logics insulation made from recycled denim jeans.[8] These types of insulation typically have a slightly higher R rating and do not harm the indoor air quality since they are made of natural materials. The trade off is that they are pricey and still do not effectively seal air gaps without extra labor and supervision. (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.8 Blown-In Cellulose Insulation Loose-Fill Insulation is an option that can be economic friendly because the Cellulose is a type of blown-in or loose-fill insulation that is made from recycled newspapers. There pros and cons but the bottom line is that it will not provide much better R- value than batt insulation and typically it will cost more to have installed. The best applications seem to be for attics that are not well insulated because cellulose can be quickly and efficiently blow over an attic floor to dramatically and safely increase the insulation between the home and the hot attic space. (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.9 Rigid Board Insulation Rigid Board Insulation can contain some of the highest R-values with some Polyurethane sheets reaching R-8 per inch. Since the insulation comes in the form of rigid boards it is popular as roof and wall coverings attached to the exterior of the framing of a new building. Attaching to the exterior of the framing will improve the strength of the structure while also creating an insulated break or thermal barrier between the wood studs and the exterior sheathing or siding. This can greatly reduce the heat loss transferred from the inside of the building though the wood studs and to the exterior. There are also green versions of rigid board that are normally classified as polystyrene rigid insulation. This type may contain some recycled materials and will not off-gas like some of the other sheet products might. Besides that, rigid board insulation is also can find boards that are laminated or strengthened to act as both the buildings sheathing and insulation. Since sheathing of some type is necessary, this does not eliminate a step but can greatly improve the building envelope without additional labor. (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.10 Spray Foam Insulation Spray-Foam Insulation is probably the most effective type of insulation for traditional, stick-framed buildings available nowadays. The product is in the form of a liquid that is sprayed on and quickly expands to 100 times its size. It can achieve R-values of R-9 per inch but most importantly, it automatically creates an almost perfect air seal upon expanding. While the product is costly, it is effective and reduces a lot of manual caulking and sealing that would be necessary with other types of insulations. The most popular forms are petroleum based but there are also green options such as BioBased Insulation that is composed of 96% bio-content (soy-beans). (Ludeman, 2008) 2.1.1.11 Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs) / ICFs Structurally Insulated Panels are arguably the best way to achieve a tightly sealed and well insulated building. They are basically two sheets of OSB with spray foam insulation sandwiched between them. They are both structural as well as insulating so they eliminate the need for traditional framing and can streamline the construction of a building is assembled properly. All seams are sealed and there is no thermal bridge from studs. The only downfall is many contractors are unfamiliar with them and they can be quite pricey. Many of the green builders are using Structurally Insulated Panels because there are vehemently opposed to stick building as they view it an obsolete building practice. (Ludeman, 2008) Therefore, apply the thermal insulation for buildings will prevents or reduces heat from escaping a building or from entering a building. Thermal insulation can keep an enclosed area such as a building or a room warm for the cold climate countries like United Kingdom, Poland, New Zealand and so on; or it can keep the inside of a building or a room cold for the tropical climate countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and so on. So, the thermal insulators are applied and functions to minimize that heat energy transfer from the buildings. In thermal insulation, the R-value is an indication of how well for a material insulates for the buildings. 2.1.1.12 R-value The R-value is the total thermal resistance (RT) for any building elements, including the surface thermal resistances of the air on either side of the building elements. The conductivity of bulk insulation materials will change with the temperature of the material. (Williamson, 2007) It is significant to realize that the boundary conditions and other factors used in the calculation of the R-values, which will cause the R-value different. The total thermal resistance of a flat for building element consisting of layers perpendicular to the heat flow is calculated using the expression: RT = Rsi + R1 + R2 + . . . . . + Rn + Rse Rsi is the internal surface resistance; R1, R2, .Rn are the thermal resistances of each layer, including bridged layers; Rse is the external surface resistance [Source: Dr Terry Williamson (2007)] An air space for the thermal resistance within a building element is depends on the valid emissivity of the space as well as the mean temperature and the difference in temperatures either side of the space.(Williamson, 2007) It follows therefore that the calculation of the R-value of a building element containing air spaces depends on the conditions assumed externally and internally.(Williamson, 2007) Thus, the flow of heat can be reduced by applying thermal insulation materials to the buildings and The rate of heat transfer is dependent on the physical properties of the material employed to do this. Insulation for the home has R-values usually in the range of R-10 up to R-30. The following is a listing of different materials with the English measurement of R-value: Material R-value Hardwood siding (1 in. thick) 0.91 Wood shingles (lapped) 0.87 Brick (4 in. thick) 4.00 Concrete block (filled cores) 1.93 Fiberglass batting (3.5 in. thick) 10.90 Fiberglass batting (6 in. thick) 18.80 Fiberglass board (1 in. thick) 4.35 Cellulose fiber (1 in. thick) 3.70 Flat glass (0.125 in thick) 0.89 Insulating glass (0.25 in space) 1.54 Air space (3.5 in. thick) 1.01 Free stagnant air layer 0.17 Drywall (0.5 in. thick) 0.45 Sheathing (0.5 in. thick) 1.32 [Source:  Hyperphysics Georgia State University] Another mathematical expression used in thermal quantification, and the most common reference used by the insulation industry, is U-value, or flow rate of heat through a building elements. 2.1.1.13 U-value U-value is to be used for describe the amount of heat loss or also called as thermal transmittance, that occurs through an element of construction such as a wall or window. (Raynham, 1975) If an element of construction has a lower the U-value the less energy is lost and the better is its insulating characteristics.(Zimmermann Bertschinger, 2001) It has the same unit as thermal conductivity, except that since a U-value refers to a given construction, the thickness of which is taken into account, it has the unit W m-2 K-1. U-value is computed according to the formula: U=(Ri s+ Re s,+Rc a v+k1-l+k2-1+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)-l Ri s and, Re s are the thermal resistances of internal and external surfaces respectively; Rc a v is the sum of thermal resistances of any cavities; k1-l+k2-1+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are the thermal resistances of each material used. [Source: Mark Zimmerman Hans Bertschinger (2001)] Since the U-value is a measurement of heat flow, the lower the U-value, the more slowly does the material transfer heat in and out of the home. The U-value typically is used in expressing overall thermal conductance, since it is a measurement of the rate of heat flow through the complete heat barrier, from room air to outside air.(Anderson, 2006) The lower the U-value, the better is the insulating value. The U-value of a constructional element of buildings would decreases rapidly as the first few centimeters of thermal insulation are added.(Rouni, 2005) An even more increase in thermal insulation thickness does not always lead to an equally fast decrease in the U-value. The thicker the thermal insulation layer already is, the less the decrease in the U-value is by more adding thermal insulation.(Rouni, 2005) The following diagram shows the decrease in the U-value as the thickness of the insulation layer increases. [Source: GK Rouni (2005)] Temperature and temperature variations govern much of our daily lives, the environmental factors such as temperature, radiation, air motion, and humidity, as well as on personal factors such as activity levels, clothing selection and expectation, all of those factors are contribute to the state of thermal comfort.(Bynum, 2000) Thermal comfort is a term given the varying nature of the human condition, has been described as a feeling of well-being, an absence of discomfort, or a state of mind that is satisfied with the thermal environment. (McDowall, 2007) 2.1.2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Uses of thermal insulation The human beings have demonstrated that we are need for the protection from the elements of construction and although many of these factors are continuously in flux, but the proper use of thermal insulation, placement of vapor barriers, and understanding of heat transfer will contribute to providing an environment conducive to thermal comfort within the buildings to the human.(Bynum, 2000) Thermal insulation is the better way to protect anything against the heat because the material use for this is really heat absorbing material. Thermal insulation is to be used to perform many of the functions and the primary purpose of thermal insulation is to reduce heat loss or heat gain through the exterior assemblies of a building in order to achieve energy conservation.(Stettler, 2009) Basically thermal insulations reduce the rate of heat transfer because there are special type of thermal insulation material which converts the heat energy to some other form by conduction, convention and radiation as mentioned as foresaid. [Source: exergia] As the drawing shows that the houses lose heat through walls, windows, doors, floors, roofs and ventilation.  Thermal insulation, quality double-glazed windows and controlled ventilation can reduce the heat losses by as much as 50%, thus reducing the heating costs in the cold climate.(Weber, 2006) However, an energy efficient home featuring thermal insulation, shading, brightly colored external surfaces and controlled ventilation also greatly enhance the thermal comfort by offering protection from the heat and radiation of the sun. (Weber, 2006)  This also helps to drastically reduce the electrical bills that pay to run air conditioners in tropical climate. Besides that, apply thermal insulation for buildings will protect the environment through the reduction of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and greenhouse gases. (Stettler, 2009) The greenhouse effect to a great level decides the climate on earth. Growth in emissions of greenhouse gases related with human activities menaces the climate balance. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are the main greenhouse gas which are emitted due to air-conditioners are function to provide cool or hot air and increasing thermal comfort of buildings, there have led to rapid growth in the amount of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the a atmosphere. Heating, air conditioning and refrigeration are the causes that result in this growth. If no action is taken at all, the EU Member States said that greenhouse gas emissions could be expected to further increase by 17% between 1990 and 2010, while the target set by the Kyoto Protocol for the period is to reduce the emissions by 8%. The reasonable level of expenditure on insulation is directly related to the amount of the heat loss or heat gain, and to the electricity of air-conditioning required to produce an appreciable return in terms of electricity saving. Fortunately, it is possible to reduce energy consumption and the associated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions in heating and air conditioning by one third by using more or better insulation for the buildings.(Roberts, et al. 1981) Furthermore, the thermal insulation also can be used in buildings in order to prevent or reduce condensation on surfaces.(Raynham 1973) If wants to prevent condensation on the surface of walls, it is necessary to have adequate ventilation and sufficient insulation and heat input. It is also necessary to consider the question of whether condensation is likely to occur within a structure. Since most structures experience a falling dew point especially where insulating internal linings are provided, as well as temperature gradient from inside to out, it is possible for the temperature on the cold side of the insulation to fall below the dew point, causing interstitial condensation.(Raynham 1973) This can be controlled by providing water vapour barriers on the warm side of the insulation. This may take the form of polythene film or certain types of paint treatment, such as chlorinated rubber on the insulated lining. In some situations such as factory roofs and some timber flat roofs, ventilation is provided above the insulation to remove any water vapour that has penetrated that far.(Raynham 1973) Thermal insulation also can use to prevent or reduce damage to buildings when occur fire in the buildings or near the buildings.(Raynham 1973) When fire breaks out in a compartment the contents of the whole room are heated up, leading to accumulation of flammable gas. Eventually a point is reached when these gases, together with the materials evolving them, suddenly kindle and thus involve the whole room in fire. Tests done many years ago at the Fire Research Station (Raynham 1973) investigated the factors leading to a short, and therefore dangerous, flashover time. Tests involving fires in domestic sized rooms with insulating board and hardboard wall linings showed that flashover occurred at between 8.5 and 12min. Two further tests made with a noncombustible sprayed insulating lining gave flashover times of 8 and 4.5 min, thus suggesting that the thermal insulating characteristics of a lining are probably more significant from a fire development point of view than its combustibility. If this is true to any extent, significantly improved standards of thermal insulation, such as we are about to adopt in this country, are almost certain to accentuate the fire risk, especially in dwellings. The thermal insulation also can be installed in the mechanical system in commercial buildings and industrial processes.(Avtivity, 2008) In buildings such as shopping centers, schools, hospitals, and hotels, mechanical insulations are installed to improve the energy consumption of the cooling and heating systems for buildings, domestic hot and cold water supply, and refrigerated systems including ducts and housings. However, for industrial facilities such as power plants, refineries, and paper mills, mechanical thermal insulations are installed to control heat gain or heat loss on process piping and equipment, steam and condensate distribution systems, boilers, smoke stacks, bag houses and precipitators, and storage tanks.(Avtivity, 2008) Thermal insulation for mechanical system is to dominate the temperatures of the surface for personnel and equipment protection. That is one of the most effective mediums of protecting workers from second and third degree burns resulting from skin contact for more than 5 seconds with surfaces of hot piping and equipment operating at temperatures above 136.4 °F.(Avtivity, 2008) Thermal insulation will function to reduces the surface temperature of piping or equipment into a safer level as required by OSHA, resulting in increased worker safety and the avoidance of worker downtime due to injury.(Avtivity, 2008) Besides, thermal insulation also will control the temperature of commercial and industrial processes when installed in the mechanical system.(Avtivity, 2008) Thermal insulation can help maintain process temperature to a pre-determined value or within a predetermined range by reducing heat loss or gain. The insulation thickness must be sufficient to limit the heat transfer in a dynamic system or limit the temperature change, with time, in a static system.(Avtivity, 2008) The need to provide time for owners to take remedial action in emergency situations in the event of loss of electrical power, or heat sources is a major reason for this action in a static system. At last but not least, installed the thermal insulation in the mechanical system will reduce noise from mechanical systems.(Avtivity, 2008) Insulation materials can be used in the design of an assembly having a high sound attenuation or sound resistance. The sound transmission loss when the thermal insulation to be installed between the source and the surrounding area.(Avtivity, 2008) So, thermal insulation not only can be used for building but also for the mechanical system in commercial buildings and industrial processes in order to achieve different effects. 2.2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The importance or advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia 2.2.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Advantages of thermal insulation in Malaysia Governments all over the world are beginning to recognize the significance of reducing dependence on energy imports as fuel reserves becomes scarcer and supplies are focused on a few politically unstable countries. In the Malaysian context, the energy imports are expected to equal exports by 2014 as energy demand is expected to triple by 2020, as predicted by NIRAS in their Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Component, Energy Outlook report.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] Therefore, Malaysia Government has started to think over the methods on order to resolve that problem. Firstly, the energy efficiency measures are tops the agenda which need to be emphasize by government because it will directly responsible for energy conservation efforts in Malaysia. It will no longer be enough to talk about energy saving plans but is the immediate steps must be taken to make energy efficiency requirements as part of the countrys by-law implementation.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] The latent for profitable energy savings is immense and remains largely untapped. The readily suitable, affordable and well proven technologies for energy efficiency solutions for now are application of thermal insulation in building envelopes.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] This is because the thermal insulation will provides the occasion for the energy savings that is sustainable in the long term. 2.2.1 Energy Saving The most effective and easiest way to start reducing energy consumption probably is the construction sector. The following chart show that the electricity consumption by each sector. Reduction in energy demand can be most effective when big consumption of energy users such as commercial buildings and factories are dealt with.[MIMG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Insulate (2007)] Malaysia is a tropical climate country so that the general public to make a building such as house, shop or office cool is probably by switching on the air conditioners. Almost every people who are living in the tropical climate counties and all of them rely on air conditioners to cool the buildings during a hot day and most of the offices are switch on the air conditioners once the offices are in use. So, if want to achieve a cool and comfort living or working environment despite in a very hot sunny day can with the help of apply thermal insulation in buildings in order to reduce the dependence on use of electricity to run the air conditioners to the homes or offices. Some of the commercial buildings in Malaysia such as GEO building, LEO building, ZEO building and so on, have certified that use of thermal insulation will reduce the energy consumption. The following chart shows that the energy savings for LEO building after use of thermal insulation. The roof of the LEO building is insulated with 100 mm of thermal insulation and the roof surface is protected by a second canopy roof, which avoids direct solar radiation onto the roof.(Tang, et al. 2006) Along the perimeter of the roof, green landscaping will provides shading and improves the aesthetics of the roof areas, which can be used for various functions.(Tang, et al. 2006) Therefore, the LEO building can achieve a cool and comfort working environment despite in sunny days but consume less electricity to run the air conditioners to the office. [Source: Aniza Abdul Aziz et al. (2007)] In the year 2006 report done by the Ministry it was found that LEO building has the energy index of 110 compared to a typical building of the same floor area which is 275, a savings of RM0.6 million per year. LEO building is expected to achieve the payback of the construction cost in 8 years period with the savings made from less electricity consumption. (Mohamed, 2008) However, the ZEO building adopted high insulation in facade and roof and installing spectrally selective glazing or double-glazing on all of the windows so that the building can reduce the heat gain from outside of the building. (Aziz, et al. 2007) Optimal orientation of building, composite walls and roofs with thermal insulation, advanced fenestration systems with spectrally selective glazing, innovative design of shading systems, design of building for maximum use of daylight, modification of the external environment, computer modeling of building and Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) are the characteristics taken into consideration to save energy consumption of the building. (Aziz, et al. 2007) The LEO building and ZEO building have verified that apply the thermal insulation in the walls and roofs of buildings will reduce energy consumption. The thermal insulation will maintain the temperature in the buildings and save a large amount of energy consumption in order save the money due to less use of electricity, as buildings are more energy efficient. 2.2.2 Money saving The provision of higher standards of thermal insulation is frequently a matter of economics by spending money on installation of thermal insulation to save money by reduced heat loss or heat gain thereafter. The financial return for a given expenditure is clearly greater if the building such as a house is occupied and the house is cooling by air-condition continuously, than if the building such as an office or shop is only occupied for eight hours a day, five days a week.(Raynham, 1975) Around 60% to 70% of heat will gained in a house or office comes through the ceiling so that only the space under the roof of a house or office would need to be insulated as in Malaysia. The Insulation Council of Australia and New Zealand Director Ray Thompson, also explained that insulation does this by stopping the heat from coming through the roof or ceiling space and going into the area which has ocupied.(Barakat Chamberlin, Inc. et al. 2005) According to Mr. Soh Chin Teck, the Malaysian Insulation Manufacturers Group (MIMG) Chairman, said that air conditioners make up 23% of energy consumption in most of the homes and 57% of energy consumption in most of the offices in Malaysia.(Barakat Chamberlin, Inc. et al. 2005) This means that installation of thermal insulation a Malaysian buildings could potentially save thousands of ringgit in electricity bills and that all sounds fine and well for the owners. Thus, the installation of thermal insulation will reduce the use of electricity to run the air-conditioners in order to save electricity fees and the house or office can always accepting that adequate comfort levels have be achieved throughout the period of occupancy. According to McKinsey / Vattenhall Climate Map, usage of air conditioners in the worlds largest economies such as the United State, China and India will  triple before 2030 result in increasing the use of electricity and the electricity fees. Thus, if want to control and reduce  the use of air conditioning in the countries which are tropical and hot climate, it is crucial to insulate the buildings better. This is especially important for some fast developing countries such as Malaysia, India, China and other Asian regions. This is because there are many new buildings being built. Although installation of thermal insulation will increase the cost of construction but the price of installation of thermal insulation is considered small when that is compared with the benefits after install the thermal insulation.(Barakat Chamberlin, Inc. et al. 2005) Those are monthly savings in electricity bills throughout the lifespan of the house and improved the comfort and living standards for the people. An energy analysis reveals that the total energy consumption of the LEO Building amounts to 2.218 MWh/year, compared to 5.290 MWh/year if it had been designed and built without the thermal insulation. The following table shows that the calculation of cost saving, this results in an annual energy cost saving of RM 605,000. Cost Saving Calculation Energy Cost [RM/ year] Description Cooling Energy Electrical Energy Total Conventional design BEI=275 kWh/m2 478,000 620,000 1,099,000 LEO Building BEI=114 kWh/m2 (actual energy bills) 156,000 338,000 493,000 Saving 322,000 282,000 606,000 Saving [%] 67.4 45.5 55.1 [Source: Energy Performance of LEO Building] Besides that, thermal insulating material is much cost effective because once there installed there demand very less maintenance and there are not ongoing expenses of these materials. For example, if the temperature of a building rises to certain level, then the owner needs to use various temperatures lowering things such as air-conditioners which will use more energy and hence increasing the expense of the owner on the ongoing bases.  So, thermal insulation will help the owners save the ongoing expenses to lower down the temperature of the buildings. In addition, installation of thermal insulation will save energy and resources led to minimize the emission of toxic substances throughout its life cycle.(Fong, 2005) This in turn will have a positive and good impact in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and air pollution for the world. 2.2.3 Pollution reduction Although global warming is a worldwide effect which is caused by carbon dioxide emissions but Malaysia cannot ignore its responsibility to help save the environment. Thus, the energy savings from installation of thermal insulation is good news for the environment.(Anish, 2003) Thermal insulation to the buildings will reducing the energy needed to cool homes and commercial buildings result in the thermal insulation prevents carbon dioxide emissions which have contribute to global climate change. According to CT Soh (2008), installation of thermal insulation will bring down energy consumption by over 3,300 gigawatts per hour (GWh) and reduce carbon dioxide emission of over 2.5 million pounds.(Anish, 2003) Besides, Malaysia currently produces 3.7 pounds per capita of carbon dioxide every year, beating even the largest and most populous nation of world, China, which emits 2.2 pounds a year.(Anish, 2003) Therefore, it is importance to take immediate steps to inculcate consciousness on the benefits for installation of thermal insulation among Malaysians. Other air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are also avoided. Energy use by the insulation industry emits 4.74 billion pounds of carbon dioxide during insulation production of one year. However, the installation of thermal insulation has produced in that same year avoids twelve times that amount, which is about 57 billion pounds. (Anish, 2003) These energy savings would prevent substantial amounts of carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution as well. Evidently, installation of thermal insulation has been great benefits in terms of energy savings, money savings, and pollution reduction for the Malaysia and for individual consumers. Thus, installation of thermal insulation should be considered a key resource for buildings regardless for residential buildings, commercial buildings and factories, in the cause to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and improve the environment. 2.3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Summary Thermal insulation is a materials or combination materials which can be used as many functions for buildings, however thermal insulation most to be used to reduce heat transfer from come out a building or from go in a building through convection, conduction and radiation. The thermal insulation is divided into fibrous insulation, cellular insulation and granular insulation. Besides, there are many forms of thermal insulation such as Traditional Batt Insulation or Alternatives, Blown-In Cellulose Insulation, Rigid Board Insulation and etc. and each form of thermal insulation have their own properties. Then, the R-value and U-value are use to indicate how well for a thermal insulation material insulates for the buildings. Thermal insulation not only can use for to reduce heat loss or heat gain through the exterior assemblies of a building in order to achieve energy conservation, but also to reduce the emissions of environment. Besides that, prevent or reduce condensation on surfaces an d slow down the spread of fire also are the functions of thermal insulation for buildings. However, thermal insulation also can be installed in the mechanical system in commercial buildings and industrial processes in order to improve the energy consumption of buildings, dominate the temperatures of the surface for personnel and equipment protection, control the temperature of commercial and industrial processes and reduce sound and noise transmission from mechanical system. In Malaysia, thermal insulation is seldom to apply for buildings but also found that some commercial buildings such as LEO buildings, ZEO buildings, GEO buildings and etc, which have install thermal insulation for these buildings to achieve energy saving, money saving and pollution reduction for individual and also the environment.

Children With Intellectual And Physical Disabilities

Many people in our world are born with intellectual and physical disabilities. These people don’t have any control over how they are born, but we as a nation have the authority over how they are taken care of. From reading the fictional book â€Å"Flowers for Algernon,† the nonfiction articles â€Å"Disabled Couple Forced to Live Apart,† and â€Å"Social Sensitivity.† Many people with disabilities are not allowed jobs and/or education. The percentage of unemployment for people with disabilities is 12.1. There are numerous laws prohibiting people from discriminating against people with disabilities, such as the Fair Housing Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Although these laws exist, each and every day people with disabilities are faced with more problems, on top of the fact that they can’t function like a â€Å"normal† person. We should do more to accommodate intellectually disabled people in our everyday life, so they are treated as equal as anyone is. America is based off of equal rights for each and every citizen, and us denying people those rights is setting us back, as a country, a several decades. In the article â€Å"Social Sensitivity,† we are given a brief history of how of intellectually disabled laws have changed. One of the first, but not well known acts initiated to help mentally disabled was in 1801 when Jean-Marc Gaspard created â€Å"principles and methods† to help mentally ill people. In 1855 the first facility for the criminally insane was created in New York. After this notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Understanding Persons with Intellectual Disabilities1518 Words   |  7 Pages It is important to understand the terms that are associated with intellectual disabilities. The first term is disability. Disability is an individual performing which includes physical, sensory, cognitive, intellectual mental illness impairments, and various types of chronic diseases. The next term involves intelligence. This term is the ability to think logically, reason out problems, prepare, understand difficult ideas, examine intellectually, and the ability to determine quickly and or acquireRead MoreThe Oral Hygiene Maintenance Of An Disabled Children974 Words   |  4 Pageshygiene maintenance of intellectually disabled children, it takes a backseat due to the more pressing need for education and medical treatment . According to WHO, Oral health means more than good teeth; it is integral to general health and essential for well-being. We use our face and teeth as a front to face the world. We speak, smile, taste, chew, express our self using our oro-facial structure. Disease of this area severely restricts our physical, psychological and social activities and therebyRead MoreNeeds of Diverse Students1384 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial Needs Students Identifying and providing for special needs children is essential to special education. Once a child has been diagnosis with a disability or multiple disabilities, a plan of care is initiated according to the severity of their condition and their needs. This plan is individualized; one child’s diagnosis is not a reflection of the wide range conditions that affect many children. Intellectual disabilities can be mild to profound, can be caused by different factors and canRead MoreEquine Therapy For Children With Disabilities1339 Words   |  6 PagesFurthermore, research is demonstrating the promise that equine therapy holds for children with intellectual disabilities. When compared to traditional intervention methods, equine therapy is a bit more cost-effective, meaning more families can afford equine therapy. With this in mind, it shows promise of becoming a standard form of early intervention for individuals with disabilities (Holmes et. al. 120). As the child ages, r esearch is showing more and more support for equine therapy. It wasRead MoreChildren With Down Syndrome : A Developmental Disorder1615 Words   |  7 Pagesand Pesco (2015), Down Syndrome is characterised by physical features such as distinct facial characteristics, low muscle tone; conditions such as congenital heart disease; and Intellectual Disability with IQs typically ranging from 30 to 70. One of the striking characteristics in individuals with Down Syndrome is poor speech and language abilities (Loveall, Channell, Phillips, Abbeduto, Conners, 2016). Segal and Pesco(2015) argues that children with Down Syndrome show delays in pre-linguistic communicationRead MoreSpecial Education: Should Restraints or Seclusion Be Applied on Individuals with Disabilities1048 Words   |  5 Pages Wettasinghe, 2013) Enabling Masterplan 2012-2016 seeks to build an inclusive Singapore where every person with disability can maximize his potential and is embraced as an integral member of our society. 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Due to this males are more susceptible to getting this disease because the duchenne gene is founded in the X chromosome which causes eight out of ten malesRead MoreClinical Experience And Knowledge Of Pediatric Dentistry Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesSUMMARY Academic, professional, highly skilled US dental licensed dental specialist with extensive knowledge and experience of pediatric dentistry dedicated to the evidence based dental care of children including children who have complex medical conditions, Intellectual and Neurodevelopmental disabilities ACADEMIC/ PROFESSIONAL STRENGHTS †¢ Clinical experience and knowledge of pediatric dentistry in hospital setting †¢ Clinical practice of evidence based pediatric dentistry over eight years †¢ AcademicRead MoreThe Athletes Should Support The Special Olympics1556 Words   |  7 Pagesstanding on a glorious pedestal to riding in the quiet backseat of a car. All she gets to listen to is silence- just because her intellectual disability makes her feel inadequate. The Special Olympics is not only about winning a race or declaring victory when passing the finish line- this charity is dedicated to raising awareness for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) who have been ignored their entire lives. There are as many as 4.5 million athletes in the Special Olympics worldwide, andRead MoreExtracurricular Activities And Children With Intellectual And Specific Learning Disabilities1211 Words   |  5 Pagessocial skills in children with intellectual and specific learning disabilities the authors begin to explain why children with intellectual and specific learning disabilities social skills are absent. 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Corporate Real Estate Risks Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Real Estate Risks. Answer: This study aims to conduct a critical review of the journal article named Corporate real estate risks: A survey on risk perception amongst corporate real estate practitioners. After the analysis of this journal article, it can be observed that the main aim of the authors of this article is to identify different kinds of risks in corporate real estate as these risks may have influence on the added value of corporate real estate to the value of the shareholders in the organizations[1]. Another major aim of the authors is to make sure whether different perceptions can be seen in these risks as per the jobs and companies of the respondents[2]. The findings of the research states that there are 43 kinds of risks related with the corporate real estate in six risk categories. In addition, it can also be seen that the differentiation of risk perception is mostly based on geographical location or segment of the industry[3]. At the same time, the size of the organizations does not have any inf luence on the corporate real estate risks. Looking at these major findings, it needs to be mentioned that the authors have been largely successful to achieve the research aim. With the help of this research, the readers can obtain knowledge about the management of risks by the managers of corporate real estates. Moreover, the readers will be able to make comparison about different risk perception with other researches. All the steps of the research have been perfectly stated and do not have any scope for any problem. Certain approached has been adopted for this research process. The authors have used quantitative method for this research. In addition, the authors have studied various literatures for the identification of corporate real estate risks. The authors have also conducted interview with corporate real estate specialists to recognize the risks. In addition, the authors have conducted a survey with 70 end-users, 16 corporate real estate consultants and 2 corporate real estate academics in order to gather the inventory of risk perception[4]. They have also conducted various tests to analyze the differences; they are t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis test[5]. The researchers have complied with all the necessary polices while conducting the research and the results of this research has provided a list for corporate real estate risks. It implies that there is not any biasness in the results of this research. It can be observed that the researchers have used various tables for pr esenting the risks related to corporate real estate. From the analysis of the research process, it can be seen that the article does not contain any specific problem statements or hypothesis. However, the main aim of this research is the identification of various risks in corporate real estates. Based on the results of the research process, the researchers have claimed that there are 43 risks in total six categories[6]. In addition, geographical locations are responsible for risk differentiation in corporate real estates and the organizations size does not have any impact on the corporate real estate risks[7]. The adopted methodology keeps the consistency of the total argument as the authors have relied on real life primary data. The presence of real life primary data from interview and survey makes the evidences variable. As per the conclusion, the six risk categories are development risks, financial policy risk, operational and business policy risk, location risks, appearance risk and external and regulation risks. The results of int erviews, survey and literature study supports the conclusion and it adds justification to the conclusion. By considering the readers of all class like expert, non-expert or academic, the authors have kept the writing style simple so that they can be suitable for all readers. Apart from this, the whole research article has been developed in a perfectly organized manner so that it becomes easy for the readers to comprehend. Data and information have been presented in the tabular form for making them easily understandable for the readers. In this manner, the authors have left no scope for bringing improvisation in the structure of the research article. References Corporate Real Estate Risks: A Survey On Risk Perception Amongst Corporate Real Estate Practitioners(2018) emeraldinsight.com https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JCRE-09-2015-0020

Learning in an organization

Introduction Learning in an organization is one of the most important aspects if the organization will make any meaningful achievement in achieving their mission and vision statements. Employees are the most important investment of any organization and their roles as employees can only be achieved if the organization has effective mechanisms of ensuring effective and efficient learning processes are in place for their employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning in an organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning in some organization especially tertiary education organizations is of utmost importance due to the dynamism of the education system. The organization and its employees must learn effectively for them to achieve their goals as educators. This paper discusses the learning process of the employees in terms of how it occurs, the learning styles and their effectiveness. It also covers the con cept of explicit and tactic learning and lastly the formal and the informal ways employees learn about their jobs, the organization and its culture. How learning occurs in National University of Singapore The process of learning in any organization is believed to be a multi-factorial concept in the fact that there are different factors involved in the process. The way employees learn depends on many factors some of which include the management, environment, administration, the employees themselves and many other factors.Draft claims that learning in an organization is important Learning organization promotes communication and collaboration so that everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems, enabling the organization to continuously experiment, improve, and increase its capability. (Draft 9) Learning encompasses the scientific knowledge, cultural aspect of the organization, personal knowledge and the shared commonness. Systems thinking This type of learning calls for the employees and the management to visualize events and occurrences at the global perspective and not as isolated events. The employees need to think of the whole organization as a dependent network with one action having the potential to affect the others. At National University of Singapore (NUS), the employees learn through the interrelated network of events and interpret the events in a way that they are likely to influence other events (Marquardt, 1996, p.5; Raffael, n.d. p.1). Personal Mastery Perhaps this is the type of learning that is most effective when it comes to the individual level. It is believed that through continuous exposure to the work environment the employees continuously learn more about how to improve on their efficiency and effectiveness of their services as employees (Marquardt, 1996, p.5).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through experience people lea rn more about the organization as a whole and also learn about better ways of doing their job such that the whole organization benefits the most. At NUS employees are usually assigned specific posts which they hold for enough time such that the experience gained at personal and organization level is of both personal and organization benefit (Karash, 2002, p. 1). Mental Models This type of learning occurs through personal reflection of how the whole organization works. Different individuals have different perceptions and opinions of the culture of the organization and the working system. Different employees in NUS have different opinions, beliefs and interpretation of the mission, vision and the culture of the whole institution (Malhotra, 2011, p.1). Thus learning for the employees becomes somewhat focused on personal perception and this may be attributed to the different opinions that are usually generated at the suggestion box, seminars, employees workshops and the whole management at large (Kolb, 1984, p.2) Team Learning It is argued that all the other models and methods of learning cannot be effective if team learning in an organization does not take place. It is believed that the success of any organization depends on the overall contribution of the management and all the employees. Working together as a team may not materialize unless the whole team thinks and moves as a single unified unit. This can be seen in the way the whole management and the employee fraternity of NUS work together as a team in realizing the vision of the university (Smith, 2001, p. 1; Greenagel, n.d, p.1). How individual learning styles affect the effectiveness of learning opportunities It can generally be argued that unless the organization integrates its learning process with the individual learning styles there can never be any meaningful learning in the organization. According to Kolb there are four major learning styles at the individual level in which he classified people as divergers, convergers, accommodators or assimilators (Mitleton,n.d, p.39). Divergerse According to Kolb diverger individuals learn through the daily experiences in the workplace. Divergers look at the experiences and reflect about them deeply thus diverging from personal experience to all the available outcomes. Divergers are believed to look at situations from all the possible perspectives and generate their own views and ideas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning in an organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are arguably the best kind of people when it comes to critical thinking especially in a brainstorming boardroom meeting. Kolb claims that divergers are usually â€Å"interested in people and tend to be imaginative and emotional (Kolb, 1984, p. 2). He further claims that divergers â€Å"tend to be interested in the arts and often have humanities or liberal arts backgrounds; Counselors, org anizational development specialists, and personnel managers tend to be characterized by this learning style† (Kolb, 1984, p. 2). From these observations it can be argued that it is very necessary for any organization to understand divergers and try to change or adapt their organization learning opportunities to optimize on divergers. A report by changing minds also shares the same sentiments â€Å"design learning for the people you are working with. If you cannot customize the design for specific people, use varied styles of delivery to help everyone learn† (Changing Minds, 2011, p.1). Divergers are likely to interfere with the team learning provided by the institution since they are likely to create their own personal interpretation of the team learning process instead of adapting to the teamwork spirit of learning (Cheryl, n.d, p.1). However divergers are most likely to benefit the institution in terms of application of the experiences they go through to generate new and more effective ways and systems of doing things in the organization. NUS facilitate teamwork learning which divergers may not benefit (Maricopa, 1997, p. 1). Effectiveness of the learning opportunities as a Diverger The learning process at (NUS) encompasses of learning through personal experiences at work, teamwork learning, collective thinking as an organization and systems thinking. As a diverger these methods of learning were very effective to me since my mode of learning about things involves more of learning from personal or organization experiences and generating generalized probable outcomes and how they either affect the institution as a whole or how the experience relates to other aspects of the institution. Processes and structures facilitating individual and group learning NUS has well outlaid processes and structures to facilitate both individual and group learning. NUS believes in specialization whereby each individual is assigned tasks according to qualifications a nd expertise. This allows each individual to gain mastery of their own workstation and also gives them the opportunity to relate the personal experience at workplace with the overall learning of the organization. Incentives, trainings, rewards and capacity building are always provided to facilitate individual learning (Farago, 1995, p.1). Group learning is also accommodated in the institution in that different departments are supposed to interact and also different levels of organization and management are supposed to liaise with one another for effective learning and implementation of the learned concepts towards achieving goals and objectives of the institution. The organization ensures that different mechanisms are in place to ensure that the learning occurred in a given level of management, or department is integrated with the learning in the individual level for the benefit of the organization (Abell,2006, p.86).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Explicit and tactic learning processes Tactic learning occurs mostly at the individual level whereby learning is mostly driven by the internal factors such as the personal learning processes. Whereas learning through explicit instruction occurs through external influences. Smith believes that â€Å"implicit learning is more robust and more durable than explicitly mastered skills and beliefs† (Smith, 2001, p.1) although both modes of learning are equally important in any organization (Mason, 2011, p. 1). Conclusion The process of learning in an organization is a key determinant of the success of the organization. Different individuals have different learning modes and this affects the effectiveness of the learning opportunities in an institution. The organization has the obligation to integrate the different learning opportunities thy offer with the learning modes of the employees. Both explicit and tactic learning processes are important in an organization and both should be considered for effective learning. References Abell, N. (2006) Organization theory: an interdisciplinary approach. [Online] Available from http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/MES/pdf/peterE8047_Organisation%20theory.pdf Bessant, T. (2007) Innovation and Entrepreneurship. John Wiley and Sons. Changing Minds. (2011) Kolb’s learning styles. [Online] Available from http://changingminds.org/explanations/learning/kolb_learning.htm Cheryl, L. (n.d.) Learning Innovation in Communities of Practice.[Online] Available from http://www.pyramidodi.com/papers/CoPs.pdf Draft. (2009) Organization Theory and Design. New York: Cengage Learning. Farago, S. (1995) The Learning Organization. [Online] Available from http://www.skyrme.com/insights/3lrnorg.htm Greenagel, M. (n.d.) Lead Balloons, Stone Canoes, and Learning Styles in the Internet Age. [Online] Available fromhttp://www.wiredseminars.com/Learning%20Styles.pdf Karash. (2002) Learning-Org Dialog on Learning Organizations. [Online] Available from http://world.std.com/~lo/ Kolb, D. (1984) Kolb Learning Style Inventory. [Online] Available from http://casa.colorado.edu/~dduncan/teachingseminar/KolbLearningStyleInventoryInfo.pdf Malhotra, V. (2011) Organizational Learning and Learning Organizations: An Overview. [Online] Available from http://www.brint.com/papers/orglrng.htm Maricopa. (1997) Learning is fundamentally Personal, Yet Social. [Online] Available from http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/learning/pubs/oct97/li_pers.html Marquardt. (1996) Building the Learning Organization.[Online] Available from http://www.scribd.com/doc/17290572/Building-the-Learning-Organization Mason. (2011) What is a Learning Organization? [Online] Available fromhttp://www.moyak.com/papers/learning-organization.html Mitleton, K. (n.d.) What are the Characteristics of a Learning Organization. New York, NY: Cengage. Raffael, L. (n.d.) What’s The Boundary Between Tacit And Explicit Knowledge? [Online] Available from http://www.iamot.org/conf erence/index.php/ocs/4/paper/viewFile/971/395 Smith, A. (2001) Peter senge and the learning organization. [Online] Available from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/senge.htm Smith, B. (2001) The learning organization. [Online] Available from http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-organization.htm This essay on Learning in an organization was written and submitted by user Kathryn Paul to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Student Athletes Share Their Advice on Reaching Out to Coaches

Being an athlete makes your college application process a little different from others, especially if wish to pursue it in college. The application and recruiting process starts much earlier, and your application priorities might differ too. Take it from college athletes at Duke, Ithaca, Chapman, Florida and Swarthmore that have been through the process before: RuHo Duke University ‘16 I was a huge runner in high school and had pretty decent times. Around sophomore or junior year I decided to reach out to the running coaches at the colleges I was interested in. I introduced myself and asked about the recruiting processes (since I was international it was different compared to runners in the US). I think doing something similar, (reaching out to the professors/coaches/instructors in the areas you are interested in) is a good move and one that can not hurt you. Although I wasnt fast enough to get recruited, the coaches at Stanford and Harvard emailed me and asked if I applied early. Basically, the point is that the more interest you show, the better chances you have of getting in, so dont be afraid to reach out and ask questions! Another benefit of doing so is that in the supplemental questions for certain colleges, many of the questions are why this college? and by emailing the people in these different areas, you learn more about that college and can demonstrate th at youve done your research! adele270 Ithaca College ‘16 I reached out to the coach of the Ithaca College womens rowing team because I really wanted a spot on their varsity team my freshmen year of college. I visited her during my junior year, had frequent correspondences with her, and worked really hard to get my times for 2Ks and 5Ks where they were needed to be a varsity rower. I went to the Park School of Communications multiple times so I could meet with professors and talk to them about what I was interested in and what they had to offer me as a school. It was really helpful because I was able to put a face to my application. I also see one of the professors I spoke to regularly. I also went and spoke to the assistant dean, and we still meet regularly and hes been a wonderful help. arya.jemal Swarthmore College ‘19 As a tennis player, I made sure to email coaches of schools I was interested starting in my junior year of high school and also used a recruiting website. Emailing coaches shows them you are interested and committed and starting early means it is more likely they will check you out as an athlete and applicant. jacobholm123 Chapman University‘20 I swim Division III at Chapman University. If you feel that you may want to participate in one of their intercollegiate athletic sports, then you should definitely email and reach out to their coaches to get your name on their roster! Try to gain any exposure you can by sending them any relevant information about your athletic abilities and your future goals in college athletics! hkopyGeorge Washington University ‘18Being a competitive swimmer and knowing that I wanted to continue to compete in college this was usually the first step I took when looking at schools. I started reaching out to coaches toward the end of my sophomore year of college and signed my national letter of intent in November of my senior year of high school. ostultz University of Florida ‘19 I originally decided to apply for Asbury University in order to play lacrosse at a Division 3 level. I started off by contacting the womens lacrosse coach. For Asbury, in order to be considered to play for a sports team, you have to sign up and create a personal profile online. This is where you put your personal info and videos online.Every school does the recruiting process differently, so my suggestion would be to contact the coach first. During my phone call, the lacrosse coach said that he would come out to see me play several high school varsity games as part of the recruiting process. Most Division 1 (and maybe D2) will watch choose potential players at clinics and club/travel games, but rarely at a high school match. I eventually decided not to play for Asbury Lacrosse because of several factors. Here is what I have learned through this process that will be helpful for anyone thinking about playing intercollegiate sports: 1) It’s A LOT of commitment. Before deciding to play for a team, consider what you are majoring in, and how much time you will need outside of class to do research, service, internships, and work. I wanted to work in the medical field after graduation, so playing a sport would have possibly taken away from time to focus on my studies. 2) Financial aid sometimes may not what it will be cracked up to be. Be aware that depending on what division you play for will dictate how aid you get. Division 1 is the most competitive and demanding, but 99% of the time, student athletes in this division will receive full-rides. 3) Know that you have to try out every year for a spot on the team, and financial aid is not guaranteed for all four years. Every year, athletes must try out against incoming college freshmen for a spot on next year’s team. It’s possible for a college senior to be beat out by a freshman, and lose aid for the last year. 4) Make sure you really want to go to that college. Many people will choose to play for a college that they didnt really want to go to in order to receive a sports scholarship. Make sure you are considering all factors, especially if it’s financially the right choice before choosing a college to play for. 5) Playing intercollegiate sports does have its perks! You may get most of your college paid for, and even have an opportunity to coach after graduation. Choosing where to go to college is an incredibly important decision. Make an informed choice by talking to current students on ourmentorship platform. Access 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students (they get paid when you view them). is a community of students helping students. Our goal is to bring much-needed transparency to higher education.

world essays

world essays Chapter One: Were moving I come home from school, put my torn, ready to be thrown out blue school bag down on our round island in the kitchen and storm outside to enjoy the very first day of summer vacation. The air is warm and the sun is shinning brighter than ever. My spirits are so high and Im ready to begin the most exciting two and half months of the year. I put on my pink diva flip- flops and run as fast as I can to my best friend Rachaels house. I feel the warm air tickle my face as my adrenalin reaches sky high. Dancing and singing as I run, I dont care who sees. I want the whole world to know of my excitement. I get to Rachaels and plop right down on her soft, comfy couch. I sink right into the butt-grove I created on it after many years of hanging out with her and our friends. Next to me is her fat cat named George which I call cow cat due to his massive size and white dots over his black body. She brings me a glass of Pepsi (my favorite drink) and plops down right next to George. He meows, stretches, runs away and jumps onto the dusty windowsill. This is the life I say to Rachael as I pull my legs out onto the foot stool and take a sip of my refreshing ice cold drink, the bubbles tickling my nose. Were free for a whole two and a half months she says as she looks at me with that twinkle of excitement in her eyes. Theres nothing better than soaking up the sweet summer with your very best friend. Hours go by and my mom calls for me to come home for dinner because she has something important to say. I can tell by the sound of her voice that its something big, something that could change my life. Possibly more important than anything shes ever had to say. Her voice doesnt sound angry; I am relieved because at least I know I havent done something wrong....

The Importance Of Netpulses Technologies For Beach Bum In Relation To Essay

The Importance Of Netpulses Technologies For Beach Bum In Relation To The Basic Lessons Learned In The Readings - Essay Example In the strategic planning process, information technology (IT) can enable a company to ensure that its products are of utmost quality and its services are user friendly consequently increasing customer retention and contentment. The discussion aims to recognize the importance of IT related services provided by Netpulse for Beach Bum, a gym facility providing organization. The strategies will be illustrated with the help of the implemented information systems. Assessment of the Importance of Netpulse’s Technologies for Beach Bum in Relation to the Basic Lessons Learned in the Readings Beach Bum, a business initiative to operate gym facility on the beach has desired to create a value driven partnership with Netpulse, a technological solution providing organization in order to augment customer contentment with the provided facilities. Netpulse’s technology can enable members of the gym to design their experience while they are working out. It can enable members to select t heir options from various available programs provided by Netpulse such as movie trailers, music videos and television shows among others. With reference to the context, it is assumed that Beach Bum will introduce Netpulse’s technologies as a tool of strategic planning.

The Consumer with Diagnosis of Anorexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Consumer with Diagnosis of Anorexia - Essay Example 331). Anorexia nervosa involves restricting oneself of food intake and nutrients while anorexia bulimia involves repeated acts of bingeing and purging. Thus, people with the disorder are characterized with either loss of desire to eat or purging behaviors in intent to reduce weight. In the United States, the incidence and prevalence of Americans afflicted with anorexia have risen steadily to 1.2 million individuals and majority of this statistic are adolescents and women (Mehler and Krantz, 2003, p. 331). Anorexia is also common among cancer patients in U.S. with 50% of cancer patients who developed anorexia upon diagnosis and 60%-65% when in the later stage of the disease (Adams et al. 2009, p. 96). The increasing incidence of anorexia for the past decades has been attributed to physiologic, gastrointestinal, metabolic, nutritional, neuronal, endocrine, and societal factors such as emphasis on promoting dieting behaviors and thinness. To study further anorexia, this paper will discu ss the different signs and symptoms of anorexia during a mental status examination, the evidence-based therapeutic interventions, and the potential risks to self and others of unmanaged anorexia. Signs and Symptoms during Mental Status Examination During mental status examination, the consumer with anorexia may present to the emergency department in lethargic state. According to Gurenlian (2002), the dehydration and malnutrition brought by severe dieting may result to headaches, lethargy, and syncope (p. 221). In addition, prolonged protein and electrolyte depletion in the body will lead to weakness, dizziness, and paresthesia. A consumer with anorexia demonstrates behaviors that are profoundly narrow, rigid, and disconnected from reality (Merwin at al. 2011, p. 63). Emotions are suppressed to reduce distress in weight and body image and speech is centered rigidly on verbal guidelines about eating and exercises; thus, becomes preoccupied with weight and body image. Due to emotional suppression, anorexic consumers also have poor self-image and greater rate of suicide attempts (Keifer et al. 2010, p. 304). Thought contents include delusion of seeing oneself as fat, suicidal ideations, and obsessions (Harris, Eberly and Cumella, 2004, p. 24-25). Nutritional and emotional suppression not only account for the delusional thoughts and decreased mental state but also in being less responsive to feedback when learning a task and difficulty in concentrating and making decisions. Evidence-based Therapeutic Interventions Adams et al. (2009) conducted a review of evidence-based interventions to treat and manage anorexia and found out a limited number of empirically-based interventions recommended for management of the disorder (p. 100). Interventions that were reviewed for evidence in the study include dietary interventions and counseling, intake of oral supplements, and use of pharmacologic agents. Based upon the evidences, only two pharmacological interventions are recom mended for treatment of anorexia: these include use of corticosteroids and progestin. Systematic reviews confirmed that corticosteroids stimulate appetite and promote weight gain while progestin not only treat hormone-dependent tumors but has additional effect of increasing body weight and appetite (Adams et al. 2009, p. 98). Dietary interventions and counseling were also found to be effective in reducing incidence of anorexia through improvement in nutritional intake and

Essay Plan for Job Specialisation Essay Example for Free

Essay Plan for Job Specialisation Essay Job specialization is basically a job or process that is comprised of a small different parts of a larger task or process. (Williams McWilliams 2010) Purposes : To understand the phrase of â€Å"job specialisation† in detail, how job specialisation is use in job design as well as how specialized jobs can be adapted to get rid of the boredom and low job satisfaction by applying Job Characteristic model. Body paragraph First paragraph Job specialisation is economical and can always accomplish as well as regularly learn about technical development and opportunities through jobs. (An-Tien,H,Hui-Yu, C 2004,) From the modern high – tech industry, job specialisation has demonstrate that there is a clear – cut relationship with task variety, autonomy, identity and feedback. (An-Tien,H, Hui-Yu, C 2004,) Second paragraph Reason why job specialisation uses job design is because it helps to motivate, give satisfaction and performance towards its job as well as making its working condition of a workplace into a broader scope. (Fahr, R 2011) Third paragraph Specialised job can be modified with the help of five strong core job characteristics which in result which the workers have to experience the three critical psychological states, that will then motivates the personal and work outcomes. (DeVao, J, Li, R, Brookshire, D 2007) Conclusion Job specialisation is an important factor for a company if they want to eliminate boredom and low job satisfaction. However for it to be success, they would also need the help of job design and job characteristics model. (242 words) References An-Tien, H, Hui-Yu, C 2004, A reassessment of the relationship between job specialization, job rotation and job burnout: example of Taiwans high-technology industry, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 15, 6, pp. 1108-1123. DeVao, J, Li, R, Brookshire, D 2007, ‘Analysing the job characteristics model: new support from a cross-section of establishments’, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 18, 6, pp. 986-1003. Fahr, R 2011, ‘Job Design and Job Satisfaction – Empirical Evidence for Germany?’,Management Revue, 22, 1, pp. 28-48. Williams, C McWilliams, A 2010, MGMT, Asia Pacific Edition Cengage Learning, Melbourne.

Fracture Resistance of Esthetic Post and Core Systems

Fracture Resistance of Esthetic Post and Core Systems Comparison of fracture resistance of three recent esthetic post and core systems with cast metal post and core to compressive loading An in vitro Study ABSTRACT: Aim: To determine and compare the fracture resistance of three recently introduced esthetic post and core systems with a cast metal post and core to compressive loading using a clinically related test method. Materials and Methods: Forty maxillary central incisors were selected, sectioned and their roots endodontically treated and assigned to 4 experimental groups (n=10).The cast metal post and core (CMPC) served as control group.The other groups are zirconium dioxide post and ceramic core group (ZCER), zirconium dioxide posts and composite core group (ZCOM) and glass fiber post and composite core group (GFCOM).The post spaces were prepared, posts were seated and cores were formed. A compressive load was applied to the inclined surface on each specimen until failure occurred and measured in newtons. Results: CMPC and ZCER groups exhibited the highest resistance fracture and the values are : 680.6 N and 630.03 N respectively . ZCOM group exhibited fracture resistance greater than GFCOM but less than ZCER and CMPC. Conclusion: CMPC group and ZCER group were found to be more fracture resistant than the ZCOM group and GFCOM group. Aside from its desirable esthetic properties,the ZCER group demonstrated high resistance to fracture. Keywords: compressive loading, endodontic treatment, fracture resistance, post and core INTRODUCTION Endodontic therapy has provided dentistry the ability to retain teeth that just a few decades ago would have been extracted without hesitation.When there is substantial loss of coronal tooth structure due to caries, trauma or both, a post and core is often required to retain a definitive restoration. A post is usually placed in an attempt to strengthen the tooth.1,2,3 However, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that a post cannot reinforce endodontically treated teeth.4,5,6 Posts are required for supporting a core foundation when there is insufficient clinical crown remaining.4,5,6,7 Although cast post and core foundations are the gold standard for endodontically treated teeth, due to their superior physical properties and proven clinical effectiveness8 yet its mechanical properties may increase the risk of root fracture9. The esthetic properties of these materials are limited since the gray colored post is apparent when used to support translucent all ceramic restorations. Coupled with a high lip line, cast metal post and core foundation may create esthetic problems. In the recent times, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of all ceramic crowns, particularly for anterior teeth because of their superior natural appearance compared to metal ceramic restorations.10 Both the declining acceptance of cast post and core restorations as well as patients interest in dental esthetics has resulted in the development of esthetic posts, especially Glass Fiber and Zirconia Ceramics.These increase the transmission of light within the root and overlying gingival tissues, enhancing the esthetics. They also eliminate the potential hazards of corrosion and allergic hypersensitivity as they are metal free materials.11 Glass fibers such as silica or quartz reinforced epoxy resin posts have low modulus of elasticity similar to that of dentin.12 This property has been reported to reduce the risk of root fracture. 13,14 Glass fiber reinforced posts also have the advantage of easy removal if endodontic re-treatment is required. 15,16 A prefabricated zirconia ceramic post system has been introduced to satisfy esthetic needs presented by endodontically treated anterior teeth. The translucency of all ceramic crowns can be successfully maintained with the use of ceramic post and core materials. Moreover improvements in adhesive porcelain bonding systems have accelerated the trend toward the use of ceramic core materials. Many dentists prefer to use prefabricated post systems because they are more practical, less expensive and in some situations less invasive than customized post and core systems. They also save time and can provide satisfactory results. 17,18,19 The purpose of this in vitro study is to determine and compare fracture resistance of three esthetic post and core systems, Zirconia post and Ceramic core, Zirconia post and Composite core and Glass Fiber post and Composite core with cast posts under compressive loading. METHODOLOGY Forty extracted human permanent central incisors were selected based on similar dimensions,caries free,no restorations and cracks.The teeth were soaked in 3% sodium hypochlorite (Vishal Dentocare PVT LTD), for 6 hours. These forty teeth were divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Cast Metal post and core (CMPC) Group 2: Zirconia posts and Ceramic core (ZCER) Group 3: Zirconia posts and Composite core (ZCOM) Group 4: Glass Fiber posts and Composite core (GFCOM) The coronal aspect of each tooth was resected perpendicular to the long axis and 1mm incisal to the cementoenamel junction, with a diamond coated disc (Horico) mounted in a straight handpiece (NSK, Japan). Labiolingual and mesiodistal measurements of the sectioned tooth surfaces were made with a digital vernier calipers (Aero space, China).The roots were endodontically instrumented to the apex using protaper rotary instruments (Dentsply,Maillefer) till F3 and obturated with protaper GP points (Dentsply,Maillefer) using ZOE sealer. Procedure for fabricating standardized cores: To obtain standardized cores, a wax pattern was fabricated from casting wax (Sk Dental waxes, Bombay) which had 6.5mm diameter base, 7.3 mm diameter cervico incisally and 6.2mm buccolingually. Impression of the wax pattern was taken with rubber base impression material (Exaflex). Then dies were made from the impression material. Polyvinyl material was vacuum pressed on these dies.In this way a hollow matrix was fabricated which had the same dimensions as that of the wax pattern. The base of the matrix was fitted flush to the sectioned tooth surfaces. Then 1 mm of the matrix was cut at the open end so that it acted as an inlet for the placement of composite resin. Procedure for preparation of forty samples: For all the groups the post spaces were enlarged with peeso reamers no 2 and 3 (MANI CE 0197 Prime Dental Products PVT LTD) initially to a depth of 9mm. The final enlargements were accomplished with the 1.4 mm diameter drills that were specifically given with 1.4mm zirconia posts (Cosmoposts,Ivoclar Vivadent) and 1.4mm GF posts (Bioloren,Ammdent). All the posts have 1.4mm diameter and were sectioned to a standard length of 13mm using carbide fissure bur and high speed airotor handpiece The length of the posts was 4 mm from the finish line into the core.In groups 2, 3 and 4 all the post spaces were etched using 37% orthorphosphoric acid (3M ESPE), for 30 sec and bonding was done using a bonding agent (3M ESPE) polymerized for 20 sec. Cementation was done using dual curing resin luting agent ( Kerr,Orange,CA). Group 1: A direct technique was used. The post pattern was fabricated using inlay wax. For the core part ,the polyvinyl matrix was placed on the tooth, resin wax (Leva) was injected in to the matrix and polymerized. After polymerization, the matrix was removed from the molded core. Then the entire pattern was retrieved from the root, invested and cast. The cast post and core systems were then cemented into the roots using GIC. Group 2: Posts were seated into the prepared post space.Polyvinyl matrix was placed on the tooth surface, resin wax was then injected in to the matrix and polymerized for 20 sec to form the core. Matrix was then removed and retrieved post and core foundations from the roots were invested with a phosphate bonded investment (Deguvest). Wax was eliminated from the invested units in a pre heated furnace (Unident) (800ËÅ ¡C for 45 minutes). Cores around zirconia posts were prepared using ceramic ingots (e-max, Ivoclar vivadent) heat-pressing process (975ËÅ ¡C for 45 min.) in a heat pressing furnace (Ivoclar vivadent). The formed ZCER foundations were then cemented into the post spaces. Group 3: After etching and bonding,posts were cemented in to the prepared post spaces. The matrix was seated on the sectioned tooth surface and composite core material (Z350, 3M ESPE) was placed in 2mm increments and polymerized for 20 sec. After polymerization, the matrix was removed from the molded cores. Group 4: Following etching and bonding posts were cemented into the prepared post spaces. The matrix was placed on the sectioned tooth surface and composite was placed in 2mm increments and was then polymerized for 20 sec. After polymerization, the matrix was removed from the molded cores. LOADING PROCEDURE: Following thermal cycling (5000 cycles between 5ËÅ ¡C and 55ËÅ ¡ C with a dwell time of 30 second) a universal testing machine (Shimadzu, Japan) was used to apply a constant compressive load at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min, at a 130Â º angle to the long axes of the test specimens, until failure ocurred. The tip of the loading bar was positioned to contact the centre of the palatoincisal surface at an angle of 90Â ºC. The force at failure was measured in newtons. RESULTS One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Post HocTukey test was used to compare the score between the groups. A 95% confidence level was used for the ANOVA test. Results showed that there was significant difference in the fracture resistance values obtained with different groups (p

Child Psychology

A Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child P sychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to be:Patient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty; for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth; industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 perc ent growth; and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health; those with a master’s degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization; bachelor’s degree holders will have limited prospects. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits: High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experie nce. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits: Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits: Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations aren't usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were: Offices of other health practitioners| $68,400| Elementary and secondary schools| 65,710| State government| 63,710| Outpatient care centers| 59,130| Individual and family services| 57,440| Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The jo b outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http://www. childpsychologist. com/ Child Psychology A Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child P sychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to be:Patient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty; for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth; industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 perc ent growth; and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health; those with a master’s degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization; bachelor’s degree holders will have limited prospects. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits: High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experie nce. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits: Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits: Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations aren't usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were: Offices of other health practitioners| $68,400| Elementary and secondary schools| 65,710| State government| 63,710| Outpatient care centers| 59,130| Individual and family services| 57,440| Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The jo b outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http://www. childpsychologist. com/